Which physiological condition can result from failing to equalize pressure while descending?

The physiological condition that can result from failing to equalize pressure while descending is middle ear barotrauma. This condition occurs when the pressure in the middle ear does not match the ambient pressure outside, which can happen during changes in depth, such as when diving. If the Eustachian tube, which connects the throat to the middle ear, is unable to equalize this pressure, it can cause discomfort, pain, and even injury to the ear structures due to the pressure difference. Symptoms might include a feeling of fullness in the ear, hearing loss, or dizziness.

Middle ear barotrauma is particularly relevant in diving because as a diver descends, the water pressure increases, and it is crucial to equalize the pressure in the middle ear, usually by techniques like swallowing, yawning, or performing the Valsalva maneuver. If equalization is not performed, the pressure can lead to fluid accumulation or even rupture of the eardrum.

Other conditions listed, like pulmonary barotrauma and sciatica, are unrelated to the pressure equalization process during a dive. Pulmonary barotrauma is due to changes in lung volume during ascent rather than descent, while sciatica pertains to nerve pain along the lower back and leg unrelated